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★★★★★ 5
A valuable review of the collapse of the USSR
Format: Kindle
Collapse is a modern review of the fall of the Soviet Union with a skepticism of its inevitability. This review is valuable on its own merits but given recent events of Russia's invasion of the Ukraine it is particularly timely and provides the reader a comprehensive history for which to to think about current events. The book is divided into two sections. The first covers the reform period under Gorbachev which were the seeds the end and the second part which detailed the political events around the collapse of the Soviet Union. It discusses the reform agenda, the power struggles the lack of correspondence between optimistic visions and practical realities involving reform and ultimately the failure of the West in providing any cushions for a viable economic transition at the end.
The author starts with the main leader associated with the fall of the USSR, namely Gorbachev. The author starts by highlighting the consensus perspective that the fall of the Soviet Union was an inevitability of the inadequacy of the system to compete in modern times coupled to weakening energy prices that made the state unviable. One could argue with the modernization of the Chinese state, the fall of USSR perhaps was not inevitable had the party been more adaptive to changing conditions. Either way the author believes that such a view is ultimately wrong and the collapse of the union was a direct result of misguided reforms that were counterproductive and accelerated the fall of the regime. The author puts the policy errors squarely at the feet of Gorbachev who he frames as being too focused on theoretical debates rather than focusing on practical realities. The author discusses how Gorbachev's lack of willingness to use force as well as his optimism about the chances for a shared vision by the population led to a fracturing state where a variety of tribal interests started to diverge. The soviet states were not tied to each other tightly through shared ideology or history and so when reforms led to lower living standards and resources had the potential to be divided, the factionalism of the system came to the forefront. Furthermore the lack of willingness to suppress dissent let to a system that ultimately became immobile to competing voices for which none had a solution to the real problems of the system.
The author moves on to the fall of the USSR which really started with the Berlin Wall. There were clearly splintering objectives and the population behind the USSR had divergent hopes on the future. Most states claimed desires for democracy but many really were moving to various forms of ethnically based populism. The concessions made by the USSR on Germany are argued to show the naivety of Gorbachev who was trading Soviet influence for the hope that his signals would be taken well in the West and reciprocated with good will and eventual aid. The sequential failing of the state stemmed from the conflicting power from the formation of democratic parties to compete with the Soviet legislature; the clear separation of powers became ambiguous and ultimately this incoherence of the system led to a partial lost confidence in Gorbachev and a temporary coup. The democratic advocates like Yeltsin then agreed to multiple side deals in which the USSR was carved up along vaguely tribal lines in a hasty fashion that left lingering problems for the following generation. The chaos of reform and decaying control led to a failing state that fractured chaotically and became impossible to salvage once the snowballing began.
Collapse is a detailed historical overview of the last decade of the USSR with a focus on the failure of Gorbachev. It discusses the political and economic challenges of the state that led to its collapse but focuses on the failure of leadership that was the root cause from the author's perspective. It is hard to argue that exogenous events didnt put substantial pressure on the regime such that it might have been destined to fail but the authors arguments that the reforms were ineffective are hard to argue with. Furthermore for there to have been a realistic chance of a change in economic model substantial aid would have been required and the idea that the Washington consensus was a sufficient laundry list to lead the USSR into the modern economic world is completely ludicrous. One is reminded of the politics behind economic bodies like the IMF despite the claims to be independent and objective analysis on best practices. As a consequence of the unrealistic idealism of the time and the subsequence tragic failure of following that idealism to a disorganized state we now have substantial lingering frictions that are impossible to heal. Collapse is highly worthwhile read that is filled with details and certainly relevant today.
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Reviewed in the United States on April 20, 2022
